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Two screening tests can help prevent cervical cancer or find it early—. The Pap test is recommended for all women between the ages of 21 and 65 years old. If you are 30 years old or older, you may choose to get a Pap test only, an HPV test only, or both tests together. This is good news. But you still need to get Pap tests in the future. New cell changes can still form on your cervix.
Your doctor may tell you that you can wait three years for your next screening test if you received a Pap test only. If you also received an HPV test, and the result is negative, your doctor may tell you that you can wait five years for your next screening test. It is common for test results to come back unclear.
These all mean the same thing—that your cervical cells look like they could be abnormal. It could be related to life changes like pregnancy, menopause, or an infection. The biopsy procedure may cause mild cramping, brief pain, and some slight bleeding afterward.
If colposcopy does not show any abnormal areas or if the transformation zone the area at risk for HPV infection and pre-cancer cannot be seen with the colposcope, another method must be used to check that area for cancer.
A narrow instrument either a curette or a brush is inserted into the endocervical canal the part of the cervix closest to the uterus. The curette or brush is used to scrape the inside of the canal to remove some of the tissue, which is then sent to the lab to be checked. After this procedure, patients may feel a cramping pain, and they may also have some light bleeding. In this procedure, also known as conization , the doctor removes a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix. The base of the cone is formed by the exocervix outer part of the cervix , and the point or apex of the cone is from the endocervical canal.
The tissue removed in the cone includes the transformation zone the border between the exocervix and endocervix, where cervical pre-cancers and cancers are most likely to start. A cone biopsy can also be used as a treatment to completely remove many pre-cancers and some very early cancers. The methods commonly used for cone biopsies are the loop electrosurgical excision procedure LEEP , also called the large loop excision of the transformation zone LLETZ , and the cold knife cone biopsy.
Having had any type of cone biopsy will not prevent most women from getting pregnant, but if a large amount of tissue has been removed, women may have a higher risk of giving birth prematurely. If a biopsy shows that cancer is present, your doctor may order certain tests to see if and how far the cancer has spread. Many of the tests described below are not necessary for every patient. Decisions about using these tests are based on the results of the physical exam and biopsy.
These are most often done in women who have large tumors. They are not necessary if the cancer is caught early. In a cystoscopy, a slender tube with a lens and a light is placed into the bladder through the urethra.
This lets the doctor check your bladder and urethra to see if cancer is growing into these areas. Biopsy samples can be removed during cystoscopy for testing in the lab. Cystoscopy can be done under a local anesthetic, but some patients may need general anesthesia.
Your doctor will let you know what to expect before and after the procedure. Proctoscopy is a visual inspection of the rectum through a lighted tube to look for spread of cervical cancer into your rectum.
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