The National Council for Human Rights reports that inmates in Cairo's infamous Scorpion Prison suffer abuses "at the hands of Interior Ministry officers, including beatings, forced feedings, deprivation of contact with relatives and lawyers, and interference in medical care. Leaders of nongovernmental organizations are being arrested and detained; their assets are being frozen, and they are banned from traveling outside of the country—presumably, so that they don't receive foreign funding to pursue "acts harmful to national interests.
There is, effectively, no check on the harsh government of Sisi. Freedom House cites "corruption, mismanagement, political unrest and terrorism" as reasons for Egypt's severe economic issues. Inflation, food shortages, soaring prices, cuts to energy subsidies have all harmed the general population. With foreign investment in some sectors of the economy prohibited, regulatory inefficiency, Sisi, and his cash-poor government are trying to prove they can save a sputtering economy with mega projects.
But, according to Newsweek, "while investing in infrastructure can create jobs and jump-start economic growth, many in Egypt question whether the country can afford Sisi's projects when so many Egyptians are living in poverty. Whether Egypt can hold back discontent over soaring prices and economic woes remains to be seen. Egypt has been in a state of unease since Egypt's former President Hosni Mubarak was toppled during the Arab Spring uprising in Aon Risk Solutions reports that the "overall terrorism and political violence level for Egypt is very high.
Brookings reports that the Islamic State rose within the Sinai Peninsula due to the "failure of securitized counterterrorism as a strategy. The political violence that has transformed Sinai into a conflict zone is rooted more in local grievances festering for decades than in ideological motivations. Had such grievances been meaningfully addressed by past Egyptian regimes, as well as their Western allies, the violence debilitating the peninsula arguably could have been prevented.
Executive and legislative power is divided between the military and an interim administration hand-picked by the generals after the overthrow of Mohammed Morsi's government in July In addition, various pressure groups connected to the old Mubarak regime continue to wield considerable influence from the background, trying to preserve their political and business interests.
A new constitution was enacted in January On April 22, , Egyptians cast their votes on the latest amendments, that include extending the presidential term of office from four to six years, and increasing the current president's term, assuring that Sisi will remain in office until Other amendments expanded the role of the Armed Forces and military courts over the civilian population, seemingly heading the country on a path to a more autocratic rule.
Opposition continues, and with no consensus on the exact relationship between key state institutions, Egypt continues its long struggle for power involving the military and civilian politicians. Strange Situation classifications i. She concluded that these attachment styles were the result of early interactions with the mother.
Such children feel confident that the attachment figure will be available to meet their needs. Securely attached infants are easily soothed by the attachment figure when upset. Infants develop a secure attachment when the caregiver is sensitive to their signals, and responds appropriately to their needs.
According to Bowlby , an individual who has experienced a secure attachment ' is likely to possess a representational model of attachment figures s as being available, responsive, and helpful ' Bowlby, , p. Insecure avoidant children do not orientate to their attachment figure while investigating the environment. They do not seek contact with the attachment figure when distressed. Such children are likely to have a caregiver who is insensitive and rejecting of their needs Ainsworth, The third attachment style identified by Ainsworth was insecure ambivalent also called insecure resistant.
Here children adopt an ambivalent behavioral style towards the attachment figure. The child will commonly exhibit clingy and dependent behavior, but will be rejecting of the attachment figure when they engage in interaction. The child fails to develop any feelings of security from the attachment figure. Accordingly, they exhibit difficulty moving away from the attachment figure to explore novel surroundings. When distressed they are difficult to soothe and are not comforted by interaction with the attachment figure.
This behavior results from an inconsistent level of response to their needs from the primary caregiver. For example, securely attached infant are associated with sensitive and responsive primary care. Insecure ambivalent attached infants are associated with inconsistent primary care.
Insecure-avoidant infants are associated with unresponsive primary care. Ambivalent children have a negative self-image and exaggerate their emotional responses as a way to gain attention Kobak et al. Accordingly, insecure attachment styles are associated with an increased risk of social and emotional behavioral problems via the internal working model.
This caregiver sensitivity theory is supported by research from, Wolff and Van Ijzendoorn who conducted a Meta-analysis a review of research into attachment types. They found that there is a relatively weak correlation of 0. This suggests that there are other reasons which may better explain why children develop different attachment types and that the maternal sensitivity theory places too much emphasis on the mother. Focusing just on maternal sensitivity when trying to explain why children have different attachment types is, therefore, a reductionist approach.
An alternative theory proposed by Kagan suggests that the temperament of the child is actually what leads to the different attachment types. Children with different innate inborn temperaments will have different attachment types. In conclusion, the most complete explanation of why children develop different attachment types would be an interactionist theory.
Belsky and Rovine propose an interesting interactionist theory to explain the different attachment types. The strange situation classification has been found to have good reliability. This means that it achieves consistent results. Although, as Melhuish suggests, the Strange Situation is the most widely used method for assessing infant attachment to a caregiver, Lamb et al. The child is placed in a strange and artificial environment, and the procedure of the mother and stranger entering and leaving the room follows a predetermined script.
Mary Ainsworth concluded that the strange situation could be used to identify the child's type of attachment has been criticized on the grounds that it identifies only the type of attachment to the mother. The child may have a different type of attachment to the father or grandmother, for example Lamb, This means that it lacks validity, as it does not measure a general attachment style, but instead an attachment style specific to the mother.
In addition, some research has shown that the same child may show different attachment behaviors on different occasions. Children's attachments may change, perhaps because of changes in the child's circumstances, so a securely attached child may appear insecurely attached if the mother becomes ill or the family circumstances change. The strange situation has also been criticized on ethical grounds. Because the child is put under stress separation and stranger anxiety , the study has broken the ethical guideline protection of participants.
However, in its defense, the separation episodes were curtailed prematurely if the child became too stressed. Also, according to Marrone , although the Strange Situation has been criticized for being stressful, it is simulating everyday experiences, as mothers do leave their babies for brief periods of time in different settings and often with unfamiliar people such as babysitters.
Near Antonyms for situation. Keep scrolling for more. Learn More About situation. Share situation Post more words for situation to Facebook Share more words for situation on Twitter. Time Traveler for situation The first known use of situation was in the 15th century See more words from the same century. From the Editors at Merriam-Webster. What's the 'Sitch'? We've got ourselves a situation here.
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